What term describes congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election?

The term that describes congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election is "off-year elections." These elections take place in the even-numbered years when there is no presidential election occurring, typically in the year between presidential election cycles.

Off-year elections are significant because they often have lower voter turnout compared to presidential election years, which can influence the outcomes of congressional races. This phenomenon is especially relevant at the state and local levels, where partisan control of legislatures or governorships can shift due to the dynamics of voter engagement in off-year elections.

In contrast, general elections are the broad category of elections that include any election for office at the federal, state, or local level, while primary elections refer specifically to the internal party elections that determine nominees for the general election. Special elections occur when an office becomes vacant between general elections, often occurring due to resignation or death. Understanding these terms helps clarify the electoral landscape and the timing of various political contests.