What is the definition of an incumbent?

The term "incumbent" refers specifically to an individual who currently holds a particular office or position, especially one that is up for election. In the context of elections, an incumbent is typically a candidate who is seeking reelection to the same position they already occupy. This status often gives incumbents certain advantages, such as greater visibility, established networks, and previous experience in the office, which can be beneficial during a campaign.

By contrast, the other options do not accurately capture this meaning. A challenger refers to someone who is running against an incumbent or another candidate but does not currently hold the office. A primary candidate is someone competing in a primary election, which may include both incumbents and challengers. A newly elected official is someone who has just won an election for a position but is not yet the incumbent of that office. Thus, the correct definition aligns with the idea of seeking reelection.